Kununkhira komanso chidwi

Mwina chinthu choyambirira kwambiri, fungo limakhudza kwambiri kuzindikira, kutengeka, komanso mphamvu zina.

Kununkhira kotentha, kwa mtedza wa makeke ophika; mbola yamphamvu ya bulitchi; kununkhira koyera, kobiriwira kwamaluwa oyamba amaluwa a lilac - zonunkhira izi zingawoneke ngati zosavuta, koma kununkhira sikumangokhala pamphuno.

Fungo ndi lakale. Zamoyo zonse, kuphatikiza mabakiteriya apadera, zimatha kumva fungo la mankhwala omwe amakhala. Zonunkhira ndi mamolekyu, ndipotu kununkhira ndi mtundu wokhawo wamagetsi.

Ngakhale ndizofalikira komanso mizu yakuya, kufunikira kwakukula ndikosavuta kunyalanyaza. Malinga ndi katswiri wamaganizidwe a Johan Lundstrom, PhD, membala waukadaulo ku Monell Chemical Sense Center ku Philadelphia, pali zifukwa ziwiri zazikulu. Choyamba ndi kusowa kwa mawu. Titha kupanga mafotokozedwe olemera azinthu pofotokoza mitundu, mawonekedwe, makulidwe ndi mawonekedwe ake. Phokoso limabwera ndikamphamvu, kamvekedwe ndi kamvekedwe. Komabe, ndizosatheka kufotokoza fungo popanda kuliyerekeza ndi fungo lina lodziwika bwino. "Tilibe chilankhulo chabwino chonunkhira," akutero.

Chachiwiri, titha kuimba mlandu ubongo. Mwa mphamvu zina zonse, ma memos amawu amaperekedwa molunjika ku thalamus, "mulingo waukulu waubongo," akutero, ndikuchokera pamenepo kupita kuzipangizo zoyambirira. Koma chakudya champhamvu chimadutsa mbali zina zaubongo, kuphatikiza malo okumbukira komanso kutengeka, asanafike ku thalamus. "Mu sayansi ya ubongo, timanena pang'ono kuti palibe chomwe chimafika pokhapokha utadutsa thalamus," akutero. "Chifukwa cha kununkhira, muli ndi mankhwala onsewa musanadziwe za fungo."

Komabe, izi sizofunikira kwenikweni. Kusiyanasiyana kwa zinthu zamkati ndi zakunja kumakhudza momwe timazindikira kununkhira kwina. Ndipo pamene ofufuza ochulukirachulukira amatanthauzira tanthauzo lomwe limanyalanyazidwa, chimakhala chosangalatsa kwambiri chithunzi chonyansa.

Tchizi pansi pa dzina lina

Momwemonso, ma quirks a physiology angakhudze fungo lanu. Anthu ena "sazindikira" mankhwala enaake. Tengani katsitsumzukwa, mwachitsanzo. Anthu ambiri amazindikira mkodzo wonyezimira wonyezimira wa sulfa mu mkodzo wawo atatha kudya mapesi angapo. Koma osati aliyense. Posachedwa, anzawo angapo a Monell ochokera ku Lundstrom anena mu Chemical Sense, (Vol. 36, No. 1) kuti anthu ena amwayi omwe ali ndi chilembo chimodzi amasintha mu DNA yawo satha kununkhiza kununkhira uku.

Mkhalidwe wa njala ukhozanso kukhudza lingaliro la zonunkhira. Ofufuza ku Yunivesite ya Portsmouth ku UK adangofotokoza mu Chemical Sense kuti anthu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chidwi ndi fungo akamva njala; koma, chodabwitsa, ali bwino pang'ono kupeza fungo la chakudya mukatha kudya. Kafukufukuyu adapezanso kuti anthu onenepa kwambiri amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi fungo la chakudya kuposa anthu owonda.

Nkhani yake ndiyofunikanso. Kwa anthu ambiri, kununkhira kwa manyowa a ng'ombe nkonyansa. Koma kwa anthu omwe anakulira kumafamu, manyowa angapangitse chidwi chachikulu. Ndipo pomwe ambiri aku America amakwinya mphuno zawo chifukwa cha kununkhira kwa udzu wam'madzi, ambiri aku Japan (omwe anakulira ndi udzu wam'madzi pazosankha) amapeza kununkhira kwake kosangalatsa. "Zomwe takumana nazo kale zimakhudza kwambiri momwe timamvera fungo," akutero Lundstrom.

Zoyembekezera zimathandizanso. Yesani izi, Lundstrom akuwonetsa kuti: bisani tchizi wokalamba wa Parmesan mumkaka ndikuuzeni mnzanu kuti wina wasanza m'menemo. Adzasangalalanso ndi fungo. Koma auzeni kuti ndi tchizi chosangalatsa, ndipo adzatha. Zachidziwikire, pali ntchito zapamwamba kwambiri zamaubongo pantchito. "Mutha kuchoka pazabwino kwambiri kukhala zosafunikira kwenikweni mukangosintha chizindikiro," akutero.

Chodabwitsachi chimakhala ndi tanthauzo kuposa nthabwala zenizeni. Pamela Dalton, PhD, MPH, yemwenso ndi membala wa aphunzitsi ku Monell, posachedwapa apeza kuti ziyembekezo za kununkhira zimakhudza thanzi lathupi. Anapereka fungo labwino kwa asthmatics, lomwe nthawi zambiri limapereka chidziwitso pakumva kwamphamvu. Anauza theka la odzipereka kuti kununkhaku kungachepetse zizindikiro za mphumu, pomwe ena onse amaganiza kuti kununkhira kwamankhwala kumatha kukulitsa matendawa.

M'malo mwake, odziperekawo adamva kununkhira kwa duwa komwe kumadziwika kuti kulibe vuto ngakhale atakwera kwambiri. Komabe, anthu omwe amaganiza kuti fungo likhoza kukhala lowopsa adati adakumana ndi zizindikiro za mphumu atazinunkhiza. Zomwe Dalton ankayembekezera. Chomwe chinamudabwitsa chinali chakuti sizinali mitu yawo yonse. Odzipereka omwe amayembekeza kuti zoyipitsitsa adakumana ndi kuwonjezeka kwamatenda am'mapapo, pomwe iwo omwe amaganiza kuti fungo ndilopindulitsa sanatero. Chodabwitsa kwambiri, milingo yayikulu yotupa idapitilira maola 24. Dalton adachita kafukufuku pamsonkhano wa 2010 wa Association for Chemoreception Science mu Epulo. Dalton akuti zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chapanikizika. "Tikudziwa kuti pali njira yomwe kupsinjika kumatha kubweretsera kutupa kwamtunduwu," akutero. "Koma tinadabwitsidwa kuti lingaliro losavuta la zomwe anamva lingathandize kwambiri."

Ofufuza akuyang'anitsitsa, ndipamene amapeza kuti fungo limakhudza momwe timamvera, kuzindikira komanso thanzi lathu. Pang'onopang'ono, amayamba kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane.

Kufunika kwa fungo la thupi

Kufufuza kofunikira kwa ofufuza olfaction ndikuti si fungo lonse lomwe limapangidwa lofanana. Zonunkhira zina zimakonzedwa mosiyanasiyana ndi ubongo.

Fungo la thupi, makamaka, limawoneka ngati la gulu lake lokha. Pakafukufuku wofalitsidwa ku Cerebral Cortex (vol. 18, no. 6), Lundstrom adapeza kuti ubongo umadalira magawo osiyanasiyana kuti apange fungo la thupi poyerekeza ndi zonunkhira zina za tsiku ndi tsiku. Adagwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya positron emission tomography kuti awone ubongo wa azimayi akununkhiza m'khwapa mwa ma T-shirts odzipereka omwe adagona usiku umodzi. Amanunkhizanso malaya okhala ndi fungo labodza lamthupi.

Nkhani zoyeserera sizimadziwa kuti ndi zitsanzo ziti zomwe zinali zabodza. Komabe kusanthula kwawonetsa izi fungo lenileni la thupi limayambitsa njira zosiyanasiyana zamaubongo kuposa zonunkhira zopangira. Lodstrom akuti, m'malo mwake idayatsa madera angapo aubongo omwe samagwiritsa ntchito kununkhira, koma kuti azindikire zoyambitsa komanso zowopsa. "Zikuwoneka kuti fungo la thupi limakonzedwa ndi subnet muubongo, osati makamaka chifukwa cha njira yayikulu yotsatsira," Lundstrom akufotokoza.

Kalelo, kuyeza kununkhira kwa thupi kunali kofunikira posankha wokwatirana naye komanso kuzindikira okondedwa. "Tikukhulupirira kuti panthawi yonse ya chisinthiko zofukizirazi zimadziwika kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa chake zidapatsidwa maukonde odzipereka kuti azikonza," akutero.

Apanso, komabe, pali kusiyanasiyana kwakumva kwamunthu pakumva kununkhira kwa thupi. Ndipo kuzindikira kwa fungo lofunikira ili kumatha kuyala maziko olumikizirana. A Denise Chen, PhD, wama psychology ku Rice University, adachita mayeso a T-shirt, omwe adafalitsa mu Psychological Science (Vol. 20, No. 9). Adafunsa mayi aliyense wamkazi kuti asunthire malaya atatu - awiri ovala anthu osawadziwa komanso amodzi ovala ndi omwe amakhala nawo. Chen adapeza kuti azimayi omwe adasankha bwino kununkhira kwa yemwe amagona naye amakhala ndi zambiri pamayeso okhudzidwa ndikumverera. "Anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi chonunkhira pagulu amakhalanso ndi chidwi ndi malingaliro," akumaliza.

Dziko lamalingaliro

Kuphatikiza pa kutithandizira kuyenda mdziko lathu lamankhwala, kununkhira kumatha kuphatikizira ndikuwona komanso kumveka kuti kutithandizenso kuyenda m'njira zathu zakuthupi. Kugwirizana pakati pa kukoma ndi kununkhira kumadziwika kwambiri. Koma mochulukira, asayansi akuzindikira kuti fungo limasakanikirana ndikusakanikirana ndi mphamvu zina m'njira zosayembekezereka.

Mpaka posachedwa, Lundstrom akuti, asayansi makamaka amaphunzira mphamvu iliyonse padera. Adagwiritsa ntchito zowonera kuti amvetsetse masomphenya, zoyeserera zamakutu kuti amvetsetse kumva, ndi zina zambiri. Koma m'moyo weniweni, mphamvu zathu sizikhala pachabe. Nthawi zonse timakhala tikumenyedwa ndi zidziwitso zomwe zimachokera kumaganizo onse nthawi imodzi. Ofufuza atayamba kuphunzira momwe mphamvu zimagwirira ntchito limodzi, "tidayamba kuzindikira zomwe timaganiza kuti ndizowona pamalingaliro onse," akutero. "Mwina ndi zomwe timaganiza kuti ndizowona za ubongo, mwina sizowona pambuyo pake."

Pakafukufuku waposachedwa, apeza kuti anthu amakonza fungo mosiyana kutengera zomwe amalandila. Mwachitsanzo, munthu akamayang'ana chithunzi cha duwa lonunkhira mafuta a rozi, amamuwona ngati fungo labwino kwambiri komanso losangalatsa kuposa ngati akumva mafuta a rose kwinaku akuyang'ana chithunzi cha chiponde.

Ngakhale Lundstrom yawonetsa kuti zolowetsa zimakhudza mphamvu yathu ya kununkhiza, ofufuza ena apeza kuti chosiyanacho ndichowonadi: kununkhira kumakhudza kuthekera kwathu kukonza zinthu zowoneka.

Pakafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu Current Biology (Vol. 20, No. 15) chilimwe chatha, Chen ndi anzawo adapereka zithunzi ziwiri zosiyana nthawi imodzi kwa maso a mutu. Diso limodzi limayang'ana chikhomo chokhazikika pomwe diso linalo lidaphunzitsidwa maluwa. Momwemonso, omverawo adazindikira zifanizo ziwirizi mosinthana. Pomva fungo la chikhomo poyeserera, komabe, omvera adazindikira chithunzi cha chikhomo kwa nthawi yayitali. Zosiyana ndi izi zidachitika akamva fungo la maluwa. "Fungo labwino limapititsa nthawi kuti chithunzichi chiziwoneka," akutero Chen.

Alan Hirsch, MD, wamkulu wamaubongo a Smell & Taste Treatment and Research Foundation ku Chicago, adawunikanso kulumikizana pakati pa zonunkhira ndi masamba. Adafunsa amunawo kuti awerengere kulemera kwa mkazi wodzifunira pomwe anali atavala zonunkhira zosiyanasiyana kapena wopanda fungo konse. Zonunkhira zina sizinakhudze momwe amuna amamuonera kulemera kwake. Koma atavala kafungo kolemba ndi maluwa komanso zokometsera, amuna amamuwona kuti akulemera pafupifupi mapaundi 4, pafupifupi. Chodabwitsa kwambiri, amuna omwe adalongosola zonunkhira zamaluwa ngati zosangalatsa adazindikira kuti ndi pafupifupi mapaundi 12 opepuka.

Pakafukufuku wofananira, Hirsch adapeza izi odzipereka omwe ankanunkhiza kununkhira kwa zipatso zamphesa adaweruza azimayi ocheperako zaka zisanu kuti iwo analidi, pamene kununkhira kwa mphesa ndi nkhaka sikunakhudze malingaliro a msinkhu. Sizikudziwika bwinobwino chifukwa chake manyumwa anali ndi mphamvu. Zomwe anthu odziperekawo adakumana nazo kale ndi zonunkhira za zipatso za zipatso mwina zidathandizira, akutero Hirsch, kapena kununkhira kwa zipatso zamphesa mwina kumawoneka kolimba kwambiri kuposa fungo lonunkhira la mphesa ndi nkhaka. Chomwe chikuwonekeratu, komabe, ndichakuti Mafuta onunkhira amapereka zambiri - zowona kapena ayi - zomwe zimatithandiza kupanga ziweruzo zokhudzana ndi dziko lotizungulira. "Fungo limakhudza ife nthawi zonse, kaya tizindikira kapena ayi," akutero.

Maphunziro oterewa akungoyamba kumasula zinsinsi za kununkhiza. "Olfaction ndi gawo laling'ono kwambiri," akutero Chen. Poyerekeza ndikuwona komanso kumva, sizimamveka bwino. Kunena zowona, anthu ambiri ndi zolengedwa zowoneka. Komabe ofufuza okhazikika akuwoneka kuti akuvomereza izi mphuno ndi yayikulupo kuposa momwe anthu ambiri amaganizira.

Ndi chida chothandiza kuphunzira zaubongo wonse, a Chen akuti, chifukwa cha mizu yawo yakale komanso chifukwa cha njira yapadera momwe kununkhira kumadutsa mbali zambiri zochititsa chidwi zaubongo. "Olfaction ndi chida chothandiza pophunzirira magwiridwe antchito ndi njira zamaganizidwe, komanso momwe zimakhudzira zinthu monga kutengeka, kuzindikira komanso chikhalidwe," akutero.

Zachidziwikire, pali zambiri zoti muphunzire. Pankhani yotulutsa chinsinsi cha kunenepa, tangokhala ndi vuto limodzi.