Kunhuwa uye kunzwisisika

Pamwe iyo yechinyakare yepfungwa, kunhuwidza kune pesvedzero inoshamisa pakucherechedzwa, manzwiro, uye kunyangwe dzimwe pfungwa.

Iyo inodziya, nutty hwema hwemakuki akabikwa; kuruma kwakasimba kwebleach; iyo inonhuwira yakachena, yakasvibira yekutanga kwekutanga lilac inotumbuka maruva - idzi hwema dzinogona kuita sedzisiri nyore, asi hwema hwacho haungogumira pamhuno.

Iyo hwema ihwo hwekare pfungwa. Zvese zvinhu zvipenyu, kusanganisira unicellular bacteria, inogona kuona hwema kubva kumakemikari munharaunda yavo. Hunhuhwi mamorekuru, mushure mezvose, uye hwema ingori iyo vertebrate vhezheni yemakemikari ekuona.

Zvisinei nekupararira kwaro uye nemidzi yakadzika, kukosha kweolfaction kuri nyore kukanganwa. Sekureva kwenyanzvi yezvepfungwa Johan Lundstrom, PhD, nhengo yedare reMonell Chemical Sense Center muPhiladelphia, pane zvikonzero zvikuru zviviri. Chekutanga kushaya mazwi. Tinogona kugadzira rondedzero dzakapfuma dzezvinhu nekuratidzira iwo mavara, zvimiro, saizi uye magadzirirwo. Mhere mhere inouya nevhoriyamu, pombi uye toni. Zvakadaro, zvinoita zvisingaite kurondedzera hwema usingaienzanise neumwe munhuwi unozivikanwa. "Hatina mutauro wakanaka wehwema," anodaro.

Chechipiri, tinogona kupa mhosva uropi. Kune mamwe manzwiro ese, memos yekunzwa inoendeswa yakananga kune thalamus, "chiyero chikuru cheuropi," anodaro, uye kubva ipapo kuenda kune yekutanga sensory cortices. Asi iyo olfactory inopa inoita nzira yayo kuburikidza nedzimwe nzvimbo dzehuropi, kusanganisira ndangariro nemanzwiro nzvimbo, isati yasvika kune thalamus. "Muurouroscience, tinotaura zvishoma zvishoma kuti hapana chinosvika pakuziva kunze kwekunge wapasa thalamus," anodaro. "Nehwema, une zvese izvi zvekurapa usati waziva hwema hwacho."

Zvisinei, iyi yekurapa kwekutanga haisi iyo nyaya yese. Kugadziriswa kwemukati nekunze zvinhu zvinokanganisa maitiro atinoona humwe hwema. Uye sezvo vazhinji uye nevazhinji vaongorori kutendeukira kune ichi chinowanzo kufuratirwa zvinoreva, chinonyanya kufadza mufananidzo unowedzera kuva.

Chizi pasi peimwe zita

Padanho rakakosha, iyo quirks ye physiology inogona kukanganisa pfungwa yako yekunhuwidza. Vamwe vanhu "mapofu" kune mamwe makemikari. Tora asparagus, semuenzaniso. Vanhu vazhinji vanoona isingafadzi sarufa-inonhuwirira tint mune yavo weti mushure mekudya mashoma mashanga. Asi kwete vese. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, vamwe vaMonell vaaishanda navo kubva kuLundstrom vakataura muChemical Sense, (Vol. 36, Nha. 1) kuti vamwe vanhu vane rombo rakanaka vakashandura tsamba imwe chete muDNA yavo havasi kukwanisa kunhuwidza kunhuwirira uku.

Mamiriro enzara anogona zvakare kukanganisa maonero ekunhuwirira. Vatsvagiri paUniversity yePortsmouth kuUK vakango taura muChemical Sense kuti vanhu kazhinji vanonyanya kunzwa hwema pavanonzwa nzara; asi, zvinoshamisa kuti, vari nani zvishoma pakutsvaga kunhuwirira kwechikafu mushure mekudya kuzere. Chidzidzo ichi chakaona zvakare kuti vanhu vane huremu hwakanyanya vane hanya nekunhuwirira kwechikafu pane vanhu vatete.

Chirevo chakakoshawo. Kune vanhu vazhinji, munhuwi wemanyowa emombe unosemesa. Asi kune vanhu vakakurira kumapurazi, mupfudze unogona kukwezva manzwiro akasimba ekushuvira. Uye nepo vazhinji veAmerica vachikwenya mhino nekunhuwirira kwegungwa, maJapan mazhinji (akakurira negungwa pamenyu) anowana kunhuwirira kwawo kuchikwezva. "Chiitiko chedu chekare chine simba rakasimba pamabatiro atinoita hwema," anodaro Lundstrom.

Tarisiro dzinoitawo basa. Edza izvi, Lundstrom anoratidza: viga chembere Parmesan chizi mumug uye udza shamwari kuti mumwe munhu akarutsa mukati mayo. Vanozodzoka pakunhuwidza. Asi vaudze kuti inonaka chizi, uye ivo vachapfuura. Zviripachena, kune yepamusoro-pasi kurongeka kwekugadzirisa kubasa. "Unogona kubva pane zvakanyanyisa kunaka kuenda mukusafarira zvakanyanya nekungochinja chitambi," anodaro.

Ichi chiitiko chine zvazvinoreva kupfuura majee anoshanda. Pamela Dalton, PhD, MPH, zvakare nhengo yedare redzimhosva kuMonell, achangobva kuona kuti zvinotarisirwa nezvehwema zvinokanganisa hutano hwepanyama. Akapa hwema hwekugadzira kune asthmatics, iyo inowanzo ratidza kunzwisisika kune hwema hwakasimba. Akaudza hafu yevanozvipira kuti munhuwi unogona kudzikisa zviratidzo zveasima, nepo vamwe vese vachifunga kuti hwema hwemakemikari hunogona kuita kuti zviratidzo zvavo zviwedzere.

Muchokwadi, ivo vazvipiri vakanzwa hwema hwema rose hunozivikanwa kunge husingakuvadzi kunyangwe pakanyanya kuwanda. Zvakadaro, vanhu vaifunga kuti kunhuhwidza kwaigona kuva nenjodzi vakati vakaona zvimwe zviratidzo zveasima mushure mekuzvikwenya. Zvaitarisirwa naDalton. Chakamushamisa ndechekuti zvaisave zvese mumusoro mavo. Vazvipiri vaitarisira kuti vakaipisisa vakawana kuwedzera kwekuputika kwemapapu, nepo avo vaifunga kuti kunhuhwirira kwaive kwakabatsira havana. Kunyangwe zvakatonyanya kushamisa, iwo mazinga ekudzivirira akakwirira akaenderera kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana. Dalton akapa kutsvagurudza mumusangano wa24 weSangano reChemoreception Sayenzi muna Kubvumbi. Dalton anofungidzira maitiro ekudzvinyirira. "Tinoziva pane nzira yekuti kushushikana kunogona kuburitsa rudzi urwu rwekuputika," anodaro. "Asi takatoshamisika kuti zano rakapetwa rezvavakanzwa raigona kubatsira zvakadaro."

Vanotsvagisisa vari padyo, ndipo pavanonyanya kuona kuti hwema hunokanganisa manzwiro edu, kugona kuziva, uye kunyangwe hutano hwedu. Zvishoma nezvishoma, ivo vanotanga kuperetera kunze ruzivo.

Kukosha kwekunhuwirira kwemuviri

Kutsvaga kwakakosha kwevanotsvagisa olfaction ndeyekuti haazi ese hwema hunogadzirwa zvakaenzana. Dzimwe hwema dzinogadziriswa zvakasiyana nehuropi.

Kunhuwirira kwemuviri, kunyanya, kunoratidzika kunge kuri kwekirasi yacho pachayo. Mune ongororo yakaburitswa muCerebral Cortex (vol. 18, kwete. 6), Lundstrom yakawana kuti huropi hunotsamira kumatunhu akasiyana kuti aite hwema hwemuviri uchienzaniswa nezvimwe zvinonhuwira zvezuva nezuva. Akashandisa positron emission tomography scans kucherechedza uropi hwevakadzi vachikwenya hapwa dzeT-shirts vazvipiri vaive vakarara husiku hwese. Ivo zvakare vakanhuhwa mahembe akazadzwa nehunyengeri hwemuviri.

Zvidzidzo zvekuyedza zvaisakwanisa kuziva kuti ndeapi masampuli aive chaiwo uye aive ekunyepa. Asi ongororo yakaratidza izvo hwema hwemuviri chaihwo hwakakonzera nzira dzakasiyana dzehuropi pane hwema hwekupenga. Yechokwadi hwema hwemuviri hwakadzima nzvimbo padhuze neyechipiri olfactory cortex, Lundstrom anodaro, uye pachinzvimbo akavhenekera nzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzehuropi dzinowanzo shandiswa kwete hwekunhuhwira, asi kuziva zvinozivikanwa uye zvinotyisa zvinokanganisa. "Zvinoita sekuti hwema hwemuviri hunogadziriswa ne subnet muuropi, uye kwete kunyanya neiyo huru yekukwirisa system," Lundstrom anotsanangura.

Munguva dzekare, kuyera hwema hwemuviri kwaive kwakakosha pakusarudza vakaroorana uye kuziva vadiwa. "Tinotenda kuti mukushanduka kwezvinhu izvi hwema hwemuviri hwakaonekwa sechinhu chakakosha, saka vakapihwa maNetwork akazvipira kuti aagadzirise," anodaro.

Pano zvakare, zvakadaro, pane misiyano yemunhu pakunzwa kwemunhu kune hwema hwemuviri. Uye kunzwira hwema hwekunhuhwirira hwakakosha kunogona kuisa hwaro hwekutaurirana munharaunda. Denise Chen, PhD, chiremba wepfungwa paRice University, akaita vhezheni yeT-shirt bvunzo, iyo yaakaburitsa muPsychological Science (Vol. 20, No. 9). Akabvunza mumwe nemumwe mukadzi wechikadzi kuti asvute hembe nhatu - mbiri dzakapfekwa nevasingazive uye imwe yaipfekwa newaigara naye wenyaya. Chen akawana kuti vakadzi vakanyatsosarudza hwema hwewavaigara naye vaive nezvibodzwa zvakakwirira pamiedzo yekunzwa kwemanzwiro. "Vanhu vanonyanya kunzwa hwema hwemagariro vane hanya zvakanyanya nemanzwiro," anopedzisa.

Nyika inonzwa

Kunze kwekutibatsira kufamba munzira yedu yemagariro, hwema hunogona kubatana nekuona uye kurira kutibatsira kufamba nenzira yedu munyika yepanyama futi. Kubatana pakati pekuravira nekunhuhwira kunozivikanwa zvakanyanya. Asi zvakanyanya uye nekuwedzera, masayendisiti ari kuona kuti hwema hunosanganiswa uye hunosangana nedzimwe pfungwa munzira dzisingatarisirwi.

Kusvikira munguva pfupi yapfuura, Lundstrom anoti, masayendisiti akanyanya kudzidza pfungwa yega yega. Ivo vakashandisa zvinooneka zvekunzwisisa kuti vanzwisise chiono, odhiyo yekukurudzira kuti vanzwisise kunzwa, nezvimwe. Asi muhupenyu chaihwo, pfungwa dzedu hadzimo mune chinhu chivharo. Isu tinogara tichirohwa nemabvuta eruzivo anouya kubva kune ese senses kamwechete. Pakangotanga kutsvagurudza kuti maseru anoshanda pamwechete sei, "isu takatanga kuona izvo zvataifunga kuti ichokwadi pane pfungwa imwe neimwe," anodaro. "Zvinogona kunge zviri izvo zvataifunga kuti ichokwadi nezvehuropi, pamwe hachisi chokwadi shure kwezvose."

Mukutsvaga kwazvino, anoona kuti vanhu vanogadzirira kunhuwidza zvakasiyana zvichienderana nekuti ndezvipi zvimwe zvavanonzwa zvavanowana. Kana munhu akatarisa pikicha yerose inonhuwirira rosi yemafuta, semuenzaniso, vanoyera hwema hwacho sehwose hwakanyanya uye hunonakidza kupfuura kana vachinhuhwa mafuta emafuta vachitarisa pikicha. Yenzungu.

Nepo Lundstrom yakaratidza kuti zvigadzirwa zvinoonekwa zvinokanganisa pfungwa yedu yekunhuhwidza, vamwe vaongorori vakaona kuti iyo reverse ichokwadiwo: hwema hunokanganisa kugona kwedu kugadzirisa zvinoonekwa zvinoonekwa.

Mune chidzidzo chakaburitswa muZvino Biology (Vol. 20, Nha. 15) zhizha rapfuura, Chen nevamwe vake vakaunza mifananidzo miviri yakasiyana panguva imwe chete kumeso emusoro wenyaya. Rimwe ziso rakatarisa mucherechedzo wechigarire nepo rimwe ziso raidzidziswa rozi. Pasi pemamiriro aya, zvidzidzo zvakaona mifananidzo miviri zvakasiyana, imwe panguva. Nokunhuwirira hwema hwechirevo panguva yekuyedza, zvisinei, zvidzidzo zvakanzwisisa mufananidzo wechiratidzo kwenguva yakareba. Zvakapesana zvakaitika pavakanzwa kunhuwirira kweruva. "Kunhuhwirira kwakabatana kunowedzera nguva iyo chifananidzo ichionekwa," Chen anodaro.

Alan Hirsch, MD, neurological director weSmell & Taste Treatment uye Research Foundation muChicago, akaongororawo kubatana pakati pehwema nenzvimbo. Akabvunza varume kuti vafungidzire huremu hwemukadzi anozvipira iye anga akapfeka zvinonhuwirira zvakasiyana kana pasina hwema zvachose. Mamwe mapefiyumu aive asina maitiro ekuti murume aiona sei huremu hwake. Asi paakapfeka hwema nemaruva uye zvinonhuwira manotsi, varume vakamutonga kuti anorema angangoita mapaundi mana akareruka, paavhareji. Kunyanya kunakidza, varume avo vakatsanangura maruva-zvinonhuwira sekunofadza vakaona kunge angave anenge gumi nemaviri mapaundi akareruka.

Mune chidzidzo chakafanana, Hirsch akawana izvozvo vazvipiri avo vainhuwidza hwema mazambiringa mazambiringa vakatonga vakadzi makore mashanu mudiki izvo zvaive chaizvo, nepo hwema hwemazambiringa uye cucumber hwakanga husina kukanganisa maonero ezera. Hazvizivikanwe chaizvo kuti nei mazambiringa anga aine simba rakadai. Zvakaitika zvevazvipiri zvakapfuura nekunhuhwira kwemaranjisi zvinogona kunge zvakatora chinzvimbo, zvinodaro Hirsch, kana kunhuhwirira kwemuzambiringa kunogona kunge kwakaratidzika kunge kwakanyanya kukunda kunhuhwirira kwakashata kwemazambiringa uye cucumber. Izvo zviri pachena, zvisinei, ndizvozvo zvinonhuwira zvinopa ruzivo rwakawanda - rwechokwadi kana kwete - izvo zvinotibatsira kuti titonge pamusoro penyika yakatikomberedza. "Hwema hunotibata nguva dzose, kunyangwe tichizviziva kana kuti kwete," anodaro.

Dzidzo dzakadai dziri kungotanga kuburitsa zvakavanzika zvemunhuwi. "Olfaction inzvimbo diki kwazvo," anodaro Chen. Zvichienzaniswa nekuona nekunzwa, hazvinzwisisike. Kutaura chokwadi, ruzhinji rwevanhu zvisikwa zvinoonekwa. Kunyange zvakadaro vatsvakurudzi vanoita sevanobvumirana nazvo mhino yakakura zvikuru kupfuura zvinoonekwa nevanhu vazhinji.

Icho zvakare chishandiso chakanakisa chekudzidza nezvehuropi zvakawandisa, Chen anodaro, zvese nekuda kwemidzi yadzo yekare uye nekuda kwenzira yakasarudzika yekunhuhwirira kweruzivo kunoisa nzira kuburikidza nezvakawanda zvinonakidza zvikamu zvehuropi. "Olfaction chishandiso chakanakisa chekudzidza mashandiro nemaitiro ekugadzirisa manzwiro, uye nemabatiro avanoita zvinhu zvakaita semanzwiro, kuziva uye hunhu," anodaro.

Zviripachena, kune zvakawanda zvekudzidza. Kana zvasvika pakuburitsa chakavanzika chekukakavara, isu takangoita kamwe chete.