Ivumba kunye novakalelo

Ivumba kunye novakalelo

Mhlawumbi olona luvo lwakudala lweemvakalelo, ivumba linefuthe elimangalisayo kwingqondo, kwiimvakalelo, nakwezinye izivamvo.

Ishushu, ivumba le-nutty yeicookies ezibhakiweyo; ulwamvila olomeleleyo lweblitshi; ivumba elicocekileyo, eliluhlaza lwentyatyambo yokuqala ye-lilac-ezi zivumba zinokubonakala zilula, kodwa ivumba aliphelelanga empumlweni.

Ivumba yinto endala. Zonke izinto eziphilayo, kubandakanya neebacteria ezingafakwanga yicellular, zinokufumana ivumba elivela kwimichiza kwindawo ezikuyo. Iziduko ziimolekyuli, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, kwaye ivumba luluhlobo nje lwe-vertebrate yokuziva kwemichiza.

Ngaphandle kokunwenwa kwayo kunye neengcambu ezinzulu, ukubaluleka kwe-olfaction kulula ukukujonga. Ngokwengcali yezengqondo uJohan Lundstrom, PhD, ilungu leFakhalthi eMonell Chemical Sense Centre ePhiladelphia, kukho izizathu ezibini ezikhulu. Eyokuqala kukusilela kwamagama. Sinokwenza iinkcazo ezityebileyo zezinto ngokubonisa imibala yazo, iimilo, ubungakanani kunye nokwakheka kwazo. Izandi ziza nevolumu, inowuthi kunye neethoni. Okwangoku, phantse ayinakwenzeka into yokuchaza ivumba ngaphandle kokuthelekisa nelinye ivumba eliqhelekileyo. "Asinalo ulwimi olufanelekileyo lwevumba," utshilo.

Okwesibini, sinokubeka ityala kwingqondo. Kuzo zonke ezinye izivamvo, iimemos zemizwa zisiwa ngqo kwi-thalamus, "umgangatho omkhulu wobuchopho," utshilo, ukusuka apho ukuya kwii-cortices eziphambili zoluvo. Kodwa ubonelelo olfactory lwenza indlela yalo kwezinye iindawo zobuchopho, kubandakanya inkumbulo kunye neendawo zemvakalelo, ngaphambi kokufikelela kwi-thalamus. "Kwisayensi ye-neuroscience, sithi kancinci ngokungakhathali ukuba akukho nto ifikelela ezingqondweni ngaphandle kokuba uphumelele i-thalamus," utshilo. "Ngevumba, unayo yonke le nyango isisiseko ngaphambi kokuba wazi ivumba."

Nangona kunjalo, olu nyango lusisiseko ayilo bali lilonke. Uluhlu lwezinto zangaphakathi nangaphandle zinefuthe kwindlela esilibona ngayo ivumba elithile. Kwaye njengoko abaphandi abaninzi beya kule ntsingiselo ihlala ihoywa, okona kunomdla ngakumbi kumfanekiso okhulayo.

Isitshizi phantsi kwelinye igama

Kwinqanaba elisisiseko, ii-quirks ze-physiology zinokuchaphazela ukuziva kwakho ngevumba. Abanye abantu "abaziimfama" kwiikhemikhali ezithile. Thatha i-asparagus, umzekelo. Abantu abaninzi baqaphela into engathandekiyo yesalfure kumchamo wabo emva kokutya iziqu ezimbalwa. Kodwa ayinguye wonke umntu. Kutshanje, uninzi loogxa bakaMonell baseLundstrom baxele ngeChemical Sense, (Vol. 36, No. 1) ukuba abanye abantu abanethamsanqa ngokutshintsha unobumba omnye kwi-DNA yabo abakwazi ukuvumba eli vumba.

Isimo sendlala sinokuchaphazela umbono wevumba. Abaphandi kwiYunivesithi yasePortsmouth e-UK baxele nje ngeeChemical Sense ukuba abantu ngokubanzi banolwazelelelo ngevumba xa belambile; kodwa, ngelishwa, zingcono kancinci ekufumaneni ivumba lokutya elithile emva kwesidlo esipheleleyo. Olu pho nonongo lufumene ukuba abantu abagqithisileyo banomdla kakhulu kwivumba lokutya kunabantu abancinci.

Umxholo ubalulekile. Kubantu abaninzi, ivumba lomgquba weenkomo liyacekiseka. Kodwa kubantu abakhulele ezifama, umgquba unokubangela iimvakalelo ezinamandla zomnqweno. Kwaye ngelixa uninzi lwamaMelika lushwabana ngeempumlo zalo ngevumba lolwandle, uninzi lwamaJapan (olukhule luneeweweed kwimenyu) lufumana ivumba lawo linomtsalane. "Amava ethu angaphambili anempembelelo enkulu kwindlela esiva ngayo amavumba," utshilo uLundstrom.

Ukulindela kudlala indima. Zama oku, uLundstrom ucebisa ukuba: fihla i-Parmesan itshizi esele ikwi-mug kwaye uxelele umhlobo ukuba umntu ugabhe kuyo. Baya kuphoxisa ngevumba labo. Kodwa baxelele ukuba sisi esimnandi, kwaye baya kudlula. Ngokucacileyo, kukho ukusebenza okuphezulu kwengqondo emsebenzini. "Unokuphuma kwi-positive kakhulu uye kwi-negative ngokutshintsha nje ileyibhile," utshilo.

Le nto inefuthe elingaphezulu kwehlaya elisebenzayo. U-Pamela Dalton, i-PhD, i-MPH, naye olilungu le-faculty eMonell, kutshanje ufumanise ukuba izinto ezilindelweyo ngevumba zichaphazela impilo yomzimba. Wazisa ivumba lokwenziwa kwi-asthmatics, edla ngokubonisa ubuntununtunu kwivumba elomeleleyo. Uxelele isiqingatha samavolontiya ukuba ivumba linokunciphisa iimpawu zesifuba, ngelixa abanye becinga ukuba ivumba lemichiza linokwenza iimpawu zabo zibe mandundu.

Ngapha koko, amavolontiya anuka ivumba le-rose elaziwa ngokuba alinabungozi nakwindawo eziphezulu. Okwangoku, abantu ababecinga ukuba ivumba lalinokuba yingozi bathi bafumana iimpawu zesifuba emva kokuba befunge. Oko uDalton wayekulindele. Into eyamothusayo kukuba yayingezizo zonke iintloko zabo. Amavolontiya awayelindele okona kubi afumana ukonyuka kokudumba kwemiphunga, ngelixa abo babecinga ukuba ivumba laliluncedo. Okumangalisa ngakumbi kukuba, amanqanaba aphezulu okudumba aqhubeka iiyure ezingama-24. UDalton wazisa uphando kwintlanganiso ka-2010 yoMbutho weSayensi yezeMichiza ngo-Epreli. UDalton uchaza impendulo yoxinzelelo. Siyazi ukuba ikhona indlela yokuba uxinzelelo lunokuvelisa olu hlobo lokudumba, utshilo. Kodwa sothuswe ngokuphandle kukuba ingcebiso nje ngento abayivileyo inokuba negalelo elibonakalayo. ”

Abaphandi abasondeleyo bajonge, kokukhona bafumanisa ukuba amavumba anempembelelo kwiimvakalelo zethu, ukuqonda, kunye nakwimpilo yethu. Kancinci, baqala ukupela iinkcukacha.

Ukubaluleka kwevumba lomzimba

Ukufumana okubalulekileyo kubaphandi be-olfaction kukuba ayisiwo onke amavumba enziwe alinganayo. Ezinye izivumba zenziwa ngokuhlukileyo ngengqondo.

Ivumba lomzimba, ngakumbi, libonakala ngathi leliklasi yalo. Kwisifundo esapapashwa kwiCerebral Cortex (vol. 18, no. 6), uLundstrom wafumanisa ukuba ingqondo ixhomekeke kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo ukwenza iphunga lomzimba xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iivumba zemihla ngemihla. Usebenzise iipositron emission tomography scans ukujonga ubuchopho babafazi bejoja amakhwapha e-T-shirts amavolontiya abelele ubusuku bonke. Baye banuka ihempe ezigcwele ivumba lomzimba elingelolakho.

Izifundo zovavanyo bezingazi ngokwazo ukuba zeziphi iisampulu ezazinyani kwaye ziyinyani. Nangona kunjalo uhlalutyo lubonakalisile oko ivumba lomzimba lokwenyani libangele iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobuchopho kunevumba elingelilo. Ivumba lomzimba eliyinyani licinyiwe kwiindawo ezikufutshane necortex ye-olfactory yesibini, utshilo uLundstrom, kwaye endaweni yoko wakhanyisa iindawo ezininzi zobuchopho ezingasetyenziselwa ukuvumba, kodwa ukwamkela ukukhuthaza okuqhelekileyo nokoyikisayo. "Kubonakala ngathi ivumba lomzimba licutshungulwa yi-subnet ebuchotsheni, hayi ikakhulu ngenkqubo ye-olfactory," ucacisa uLundstrom.

Kumaxesha akudala, ukulinganisa ivumba lomzimba kwakubalulekile ekukhetheni abantu abatshatileyo nasekuqondeni abo babathandayo. "Sikholelwa ekubeni kuyo yonke indaleko la mavumba omzimba achongwa njengezinto ezibalulekileyo, ngenxa yoko banikwa uthungelwano olunikezelweyo lwe-neural ukuze bazenze," utshilo.

Nalapha, nangona kunjalo, kukho umahluko phakathi kobuntununtunu bomntu kwivumba lomzimba. Kwaye uvakalelo kula mavumba abalulekileyo kungabeka isiseko sonxibelelwano lwasentlalweni. UDenise Chen, PhD, ugqirha wezengqondo kwiYunivesithi iRis, wenze ingxelo yovavanyo lwezikipa, athe wayipapasha kwiNzululwazi yezeNgqondo (Vol. 20, No. 9). Wabuza umntu ngamnye wasetyhini ukuba atshaye ihempe ezintathu - ezimbini ezinxitywe ngabantu ongabaziyo kunye nenye enxitywe ngumntu ohlala naye kwesi sifundo. U-Chen ufumanise ukuba abasetyhini abakhethe ngokuchanekileyo ivumba lomntu ahlala naye banamanqaku aphezulu kuvavanyo lweemvakalelo. Ugqibezela ngelithi: "Abantu abona bantu banomdla kwivumba lasekuhlaleni banolwazelelelo ngakumbi kwiimvakalelo zengqondo."

Ihlabathi leemvakalelo

Ukongeza ekusincedeni ukuba sihambe kwihlabathi lethu loluntu, ivumba linokujoyina ngokubona kunye nesandi ukusinceda ukuba sihambe ngendlela yethu nakwinyama ebonakalayo. Unxibelelwano phakathi kwencasa kunye nevumba laziwa ngokubanzi. Kodwa ngakumbi nangakumbi, izazinzulu ziyaqonda ukuba imixube yevumba ixubana nezinye izivamvo ngeendlela ezingalindelekanga.

Kuze kube kutshanje, uLundstrom uthi, izazinzulu ziye zafunda ngokukodwa ingqiqo. Basebenzise inkuthazo ebonakalayo yokuqonda umbono, inkuthazo yokuvavanya ukuqonda ukuva, njl. Kodwa kubomi bokwenyani, izivamvo zethu azikho kwisithuba. Sisoloko sihlaselwa yimithombo yolwazi evela kuzo zonke izivamvo ngaxeshanye. Nje ukuba abaphandi baqale ukufunda ngendlela ezisebenza ngayo izivamvo, "utshilo ukuba siqala ukuqonda into esicinga ukuba iyinyani ngengqondo nganye." "Inokuba yile nto besicinga ukuba iyinyani ngengqondo, mhlawumbi ayiyonyani emva kwayo yonke into."

Kuphando lwangoku, ufumanisa ukuba abantu baqhubekeka benuka ngokwahlukileyo kuxhomekeke kolunye uluvo abalufumanayo. Xa umntu ejonga ifoto ye-rose enuka i-oyile ye-rose, umzekelo, bayalinganisa ivumba njengobukrakra kwaye bumnandi ngakumbi kunokuba bevumba ioyile ngelixa bejonge ifoto.peanut.

Ngelixa iLundstrom ibonakalisile ukuba igalelo elibonakalayo linempembelelo kwivumba lethu, abanye abaphandi bafumanise ukuba ukubuyela umva kuyinyani: amavumba achaphazela ukubanakho kwethu ukwenza inkqubo ebonakalayo.

Kwisifundo esapapashwa kwi-Biology yangoku (Vol. 20, No. 15) ehlotyeni eledlule, u-Chen kunye noogxa bakhe baveza imifanekiso emibini eyahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye emehlweni esifundo. Elinye iliso lajonga isiphawuli esisigxina ngelixa elinye ilihlo laqeqeshwa kwirosi. Ngaphantsi kwezi meko, izifundo ziye zaqonda le mifanekiso mibini ngokuchanekileyo, ibe nye ngexesha. Ngokunuka ivumba elimakishayo ngexesha lokulinga, nangona kunjalo, izifundo ziwubonile umakishi ixesha elide. Okuchasene kwenzeka xa beva ivumba le rose. "Uvumba oluhambelanayo lwandisa ixesha lokuba umfanekiso ubonakale," kusho uKen.

U-Alan Hirsch, MD, umlawuli we-neurological weSmell & Taste Treatment kunye noPhando lweSiseko eChicago, naye wajonga unxibelelwano phakathi kwamavumba kunye neendawo. Wabuza amadoda ukuba aqikelele ubunzima besifazana sokuzithandela ngelixa wayenxibe ivumba elahlukileyo okanye engenalo kwaphela ivumba. Ezinye iziqholo bezingena mpembelelo kwindlela amadoda abuqonda ngayo ubunzima bakhe. Kodwa xa wayenxibe ivumba elineentyatyambo kunye namanqaku aqholiweyo, amadoda amgweba ukuba anesisindo esimalunga neeponti ezi-4 ngokukhaphukhaphu, ngokomndilili. Eyona nto ibangela umdla nangakumbi, amadoda achaza ivumba leentyatyambo ezinqwenelekayo njengelikholisayo aqonda ukuba limalunga neepawundi ezili-12 ezikhaphukhaphu.

Kwisifundo esinxulumene noko, uHirsch wakufumanisa oko Amavolontiya aphunga amavumba eziqhamo ze grapefruit agwebe abasetyhini abangaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu ukuba zazinjalo ngenene, ngelixa ivumba leediliya kunye nekhukhamba zazingenampembelelo kumbono wobudala. Ayaziwa ngokuthe ngqo ukuba kutheni iidiliya inefuthe elinamandla kangaka. Amava amavolontiya amava adlulileyo ngevumba le-citrus kusenokwenzeka ukuba adlale indima, ucebisa uHirsch, okanye ivumba leziqhamo ze grapefruit zisenokubonakala zinamandla ngakumbi kunamavumba amabi omdiliya kunye nekhukhamba. Into ecacileyo, nangona kunjalo, yile Iziqholo zihambisa ulwazi oluninzi- kuyinyani okanye akunjalo- okusinceda ukuba senze izigqibo malunga nehlabathi elisingqongileyo. "Ivumba lisichukumisa ngalo lonke ixesha, nokuba siyayiqonda okanye hayi," utshilo.

Ezi zifundo ziqala ukutyhila iimfihlo zephunga. "Ulfaction yintsimi encinci kakhulu," utshilo u-Chen. Xa kuthelekiswa nokubona nokuva, akuqondwa kakuhle. Ngokuqinisekileyo, uninzi lwabantu zizidalwa ezibonakalayo. Ukanti abaphandi abaxakekileyo babonakala bevuma oko impumlo inkulu kakhulu kunokuba abantu abaninzi beqonda.

Ikwasisixhobo esihle sokufunda ngengqondo ngokubanzi, utshilo u-Chen, zombini ngenxa yeengcambu zayo zamandulo nangenxa yendlela eyahlukileyo apho ulwazi lwevumba lususa indlela yalo kwiindawo ezininzi ezinomdla kwingqondo. U-Olfaction sisixhobo esihle sokufunda imisebenzi kunye neendlela zokwenza izinto, kunye nendlela ezinxibelelana ngayo nezinto ezinje ngeemvakalelo, ukuqonda kunye nokuziphatha ekuhlaleni, utshilo.

Ngokucacileyo, kuninzi onokukufunda. Xa kuziwa ekutyhilweni kwemfihlelo ye-olfaction, sine-whiff enye kuphela.

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