Iphunga nokuzwela

Mhlawumbe izinzwa zakudala kakhulu, iphunga linomthelela omangazayo ekuqondeni, imizwa, nakwezinye izinzwa.

Iphunga elifudumele, lamantongomane lamakhukhi abhakiwe; udosi olunamandla lwe-bleach; iphunga elihlanzekile neliluhlaza okwezimbali zokuqala ze-lilac entwasahlobo - la maphunga angabonakala elula, kepha iphunga aligcini nje ekhaleni.

Iphunga lingumqondo wakudala. Zonke izinto eziphilayo, kufaka phakathi ama-bacterial unicellular, angathola iphunga lamakhemikhali asendaweni ezungezile. Amaphunga angamamolekyu, ngemuva kwakho konke, nephunga kumane kunguhlobo lwe-vertebrate lokuzwa kwamakhemikhali.

Ngaphandle kokugqama kwayo nezimpande ezijulile, ukubaluleka kwe-olfaction kulula ukukushaya indiva. Ngokusho kwesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uJohan Lundstrom, PhD, oyilungu lobuhlakani eMonell Chemical Sense Center ePhiladelphia, kunezizathu ezimbili ezinkulu. Okokuqala ukungabi khona kwamagama. Singakha izincazelo ezicebile zezinto ngokuveza imibala yazo, ubujamo, ubukhulu kanye nokwakheka kwazo. Imisindo iza nevolumu, iphimbo nethoni. Noma kunjalo, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuchaza iphunga ngaphandle kokuliqhathanisa nelinye iphunga elijwayelekile. “Asinalo ulimi oluhle lokuhogela iphunga,” usho kanje.

Okwesibili, singasola ubuchopho. Kuzo zonke ezinye izinzwa, ama-memos wezinzwa alethwa ngqo ku-thalamus, "indinganiso enkulu yobuchopho," esho, futhi ukusuka lapho kuya ezinhlokweni eziyinhloko zezinzwa. Kepha ukunikezwa kwe-olfactory kudlula kwezinye izindawo zobuchopho, kufaka phakathi izikhungo zememori nezemizwa, ngaphambi kokufika ku-thalamus. "Kwi-neuroscience, sisho ngokunganaki ukuthi akukho lutho olufinyelela kumqondo ngaphandle kokuthi udlule i-thalamus," esho. "Ngephunga, unakho konke lokhu kwelashwa okuyisisekelo ngaphambi kokuthi wazi iphunga."

Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwelashwa okuyisisekelo akuyona indaba ephelele. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezithile zangaphakathi nangaphandle kuthonya indlela esibona ngayo iphunga elithile. Futhi njengoba abacwaningi abaningi ngokwengeziwe bephendukela kule ncazelo evame ukunganakwa, isithombe esihehayo siba mnandi ngokwengeziwe.

Ushizi ngaphansi kwelinye igama

Ezingeni eliyisisekelo, ama-quirks we-physiology angathinta umuzwa wakho wokuhogela. Abanye abantu "abayizimpumputhe" kumakhemikhali athile. Thatha i-asparagus, isibonelo. Abantu abaningi babona umbala ongathandeki onephunga lesulphur emchameni wabo ngemuva kokudla izingongolo ezimbalwa. Kepha hhayi wonke umuntu. Muva nje, ozakwabo bakaMonell abaningana baseLundstrom babike kuChemical Sense, (Umq. 36, No. 1) ukuthi abanye abantu abanenhlanhla ngokushintshwa kohlamvu olulodwa ku-DNA yabo abakwazi ukuhogela leli phunga elithile.

Isimo sendlala singathinta nombono wephunga. Abaphenyi base-University of Portsmouth e-UK bavele babika kumaChemical Sense ukuthi abantu ngokuvamile bazwela kakhulu lapho kunephunga abalambile; kodwa, ngokumangazayo, zingconywana ekutholeni iphunga elithile lokudla ngemuva kokudla okugcwele. Ucwaningo luphinde lwathola ukuthi abantu abakhuluphele kakhulu bazwela kakhulu kunephunga lokudla kunabantu abancane.

Umongo nawo ubalulekile. Kubantu abaningi, iphunga lomquba wenkomo liyenyanyeka. Kepha kubantu abakhulele emapulazini, umquba ungakhipha imizwa enamandla yesifiso. Futhi ngenkathi iningi labantu baseMelika lishwabanisa amakhala abo ngephunga lezimila zasolwandle, iningi lamaJapan (akhule nokhula lwasolwandle kwimenyu) athola iphunga lawo likhanga. "Isipiliyoni sethu sangaphambilini sinomthelela omkhulu endleleni esizwa ngayo iphunga," kusho uLundstrom.

Ukulindela nakho kudlala indima. Zama lokhu, uLundstrom uphakamisa ukuthi: fihla ushizi osugugile weParmesan emgodini bese utshela umngani ukuthi othile uhlanze kuwo. Zizobuyela emuva ngephunga. Kepha batshele ukuthi ushizi omnandi, futhi bazodlula. Ngokusobala, kukhona ukucubungula okuphezulu-phansi emsebenzini. "Ungahamba usuka kokuhle kakhulu uye kokubi kakhulu ngokushintsha ilebula," usho kanje.

Lesi simo sinemiphumela engaphezu kwamahlaya abonakalayo. UPamela Dalton, PhD, MPH, naye oyilungu lobuchwepheshe eMonell, usanda kuthola ukuthi okulindelwe ngephunga empeleni kuthinta impilo yomzimba. Wethule iphunga lokwenziwa kuma-asthmatics, avame ukukhombisa ukuzwela kwamakha aqinile. Utshele isigamu samavolontiya ukuthi iphunga linganciphisa izimpawu ze-asthma, kanti abanye bacabanga ukuthi iphunga lamakhemikhali lingenza izimpawu zabo zibe zimbi kakhulu.

Eqinisweni, amavolontiya anuka iphunga le-rose elaziwa njengengenabungozi ngisho nasezingeni eliphezulu. Noma kunjalo, abantu ababecabanga ukuthi iphunga lelo lingaba yingozi bathi babone izimpawu zesifuba somoya ngemuva kokuhogela. Lokho uDalton ayekulindele. Okumumangazile ukuthi bekungekho konke emakhanda abo. Amavolontiya abelindele okubi kakhulu abhekane nokwanda kokuvuvukala kwamaphaphu, kanti labo ababecabanga ukuthi iphunga lalizuzisa bengazange. Okumangalisa nakakhulu ukuthi amazinga aphezulu okuvuvukala aqhubeka amahora angama-24. UDalton wethule ucwaningo emhlanganweni wango-2010 we-Association for Chemoreception Sciences ngo-Ephreli. UDalton uveza ukusabela ekucindezelekeni. "Siyazi ukuthi kunendlela ukucindezeleka okungaveza ngayo lolu hlobo lokuvuvukala," esho. "Kodwa samangala uma sibala ukuthi ukusikisela okulula kwalokho abakunukayo kungaba nomphumela obaluleke kangako."

Lapho abacwaningi besondela, lapho bethola ukuthi iphunga lithonya imizwa yethu, ukuqonda, kanye nempilo yethu. Kancane kancane, baqala ukupela imininingwane.

Ukubaluleka kwephunga lomzimba

Ukutholwa okubalulekile kwabaphenyi be-olfaction ukuthi akuwona wonke amaphunga enziwe alingana. Amanye amaphunga acutshungulwa ngokuhlukile ubuchopho.

Iphunga lomzimba, ikakhulukazi, libonakala lingelesigaba salo uqobo. Ocwaningweni olushicilelwe kuCerebral Cortex (vol. 18, no. 6), uLundstrom uthole ukuthi ubuchopho buxhomeke ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene ukucubungula iphunga lomzimba uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amaphunga ansuku zonke. Usebenzise ama-positron emission tomography scans ukubona izingqondo zabesifazane behogela amakhwapha amavolontiya ezikibha abelele ubusuku bonke. Bebephunga namahembe afakwe iphunga lomzimba elingamanga.

Izihloko zokuhlola bezingazi ngokwazi ukuthi imaphi amasampula ayengokoqobo nokuthi yini ayengamanga. Noma kunjalo ukuhlaziywa kukhombisile lokho iphunga lomzimba langempela lidale izindlela ezahlukahlukene zobuchopho kunamaphunga okufakelwa. Iphunga lomzimba eliqinisile licishe izindawo eziseduze necortex yesibili yokuhogela, kusho uLundstrom, futhi esikhundleni salokho lakhanyisa izindawo eziningana zobuchopho ezingasetshenziswanga ukunuka, kepha ukuthola izikhuthazi ezijwayelekile nezesabekayo. "Kubonakala sengathi iphunga lomzimba licutshungulwa yi-subnet ebuchosheni, hhayi ngokuyinhloko ngohlelo olfactory oluyinhloko," kuchaza uLundstrom.

Ezikhathini zasendulo, ukukala iphunga lomzimba kwakudingeka ekukhetheni abalingani nababona abathandekayo. "Sikholelwa ukuthi kukho konke ukuziphendukela kwemvelo la maphunga omzimba abonwa njengezinto ezibalulekile, ngakho-ke anikezwa amanethiwekhi azinikele okuzicubungula," esho.

Lapha futhi, noma kunjalo, kunokwehluka komuntu ngamunye ekuzweleni komuntu ngephunga lomzimba. Futhi ukuzwela kula maphunga abalulekile empeleni kungabeka isisekelo sokuxhumana komphakathi. UDenise Chen, PhD, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo eRice University, wenze uhlobo lokuhlolwa kwesikibha esijulukile, asishicilele kwiPsychological Science (Vol. 20, No. 9). Ucele umuntu ngamunye wesifazane ukuthi ahogele amahembe amathathu - amabili agqokwe ngabantu angabazi nelilodwa eligqokwa umuntu ahlala naye. U-Chen uthole ukuthi abesifazane abakhethe kahle iphunga lomuntu abahlala naye banezikolo eziphakeme ekuhlolweni kokuzwela ngokomzwelo. "Abantu abazwela kakhulu iphunga lomphakathi bazwela kakhulu nasezimeni zengqondo," kuphetha yena.

Umhlaba wezinzwa

Ngaphezu kokusisiza ukuthi sihambe emhlabeni wethu wezenhlalo, iphunga lingajoyina ngokubona nangomsindo ukusisiza ukuthi sihambe ngendlela yethu nasemhlabeni ophathekayo. Ukuxhumana phakathi kokunambitha nephunga kwaziwa kabanzi. Kepha ngokwengeziwe, ososayensi bayaqaphela ukuthi iphunga lixubana futhi lihlangana nezinye izinzwa ngezindlela ezingalindelekile.

Kuze kube muva nje, kusho uLundstrom, ososayensi ngokuyinhloko bafunde umqondo ngamunye ngokuzihlukanisa. Basebenzise izinto ezibukwayo ukuqonda ukuqonda, izikhuthazi zokuzwa ukuqonda ukuzwa, njll. Kepha empilweni yangempela, izinzwa zethu azikho esikhaleni. Sihlala sihlaselwa yimininingwane ehlwitha evela kuzo zonke izinzwa ngasikhathi sinye. Lapho abacwaningi sebeqale ukutadisha ukuthi izinzwa zisebenza kanjani ndawonye, "saqala ukubona ukuthi yini esasicabanga ukuthi iyiqiniso ngomqondo ngamunye," esho. "Kungenzeka kube yilokho ebesicabanga ukuthi kuyiqiniso ngobuchopho, mhlawumbe akulona iqiniso phela."

Ocwaningweni lwamanje, uthola ukuthi abantu bacubungula iphunga elehlukile kuye ngokuthi yikuphi okunye ukufakwa kwezinzwa abakutholayo. Lapho umuntu ebuka isithombe sombala we-rose onuka uwoyela, ngokwesibonelo, bakala iphunga njengokubili okukhulu futhi okumnandi kakhulu kunalokho uma benuka uwoyela wama-rose ngenkathi bebheka isithombe. sephinathi.

Ngenkathi uLundstrom ekhombisile ukuthi okokufaka okubonakalayo kunomthelela kumqondo wethu wokuhogela, abanye abacwaningi bathole ukuthi okuphambene nakho kuyiqiniso: iphunga lithinta amandla ethu okucubungula izinto ezibukwayo.

Ocwaningweni olushicilelwe ku-Current Biology (Vol. 20, No. 15) ehlobo eledlule, u-Chen nozakwabo baveza izithombe ezimbili ezihlukene ngasikhathi sinye emehlweni esihloko. Iso elilodwa libheke umaki unomphela ngenkathi elinye iso liqeqeshwa eroses. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, izifundo zaziqonda lezi zithombe ngokushintshana, esisodwa ngasikhathi. Ngokunuka iphunga lomaka ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, noma kunjalo, izifundo zibone isithombe somaka isikhathi eside. Okuphambene nalokho kwenzeka lapho bezwa iphunga le-rose. "Iphunga elihambisanayo lenza isikhathi ukuthi isithombe sibonakale," kusho uChen.

U-Alan Hirsch, MD, umqondisi wezinzwa weSmell & Taste Treatment and Research Foundation eChicago, uphinde wahlola ukuxhumana phakathi kwamakha neziza. Ucele abesilisa ukuthi balinganisele isisindo sowesifazane oyivolontiya ngenkathi egqoke iphunga elehlukile noma engenalo neze iphunga. Amanye amaphunga awazange abe nomthelela obonakalayo endleleni amadoda abona ngayo isisindo sakhe. Kepha lapho egqoke iphunga elinamanothi ezimbali namakha, amadoda amhlulela ukuthi unesisindo esingamakhilogremu amane ngokulingene. Okuthakazelisa nakakhulu, amadoda achaze iphunga le-spice-spice njengelijabulisayo abone ukuthi lingamakhilogremu angaba ngu-4 alula.

Ocwaningweni oluhlobene, uHirsch ukuthole lokho amavolontiya ahogela iphunga lamagilebhisi ahlulela abesifazane ngeminyaka emihlanu emincane ukuthi babenjalo ngempela, kanti iphunga lamagilebhisi kanye nekhukhamba alizange libe nomthelela ekubukeni kweminyaka. Akucaci kahle ukuthi kungani isithelo samagilebhisi saba nomthelela onamandla kangaka. Okuhlangenwe nakho okwedlule kwamavolontiya ngephunga lamawolintshi kungenzeka kube nendima ethile, kuphakamisa uHirsch, noma iphunga lamagilebhisi kungenzeka libonakale likhulu kakhulu kunephunga elibi lamagilebhisi nekhukhamba. Okucacayo nokho, yilokho amakha adlulisa imininingwane eminingi - eyiqiniso noma cha - okusisiza ukwenza izinqumo ngomhlaba osizungezile. "Iphunga lisithinta ngaso sonke isikhathi, noma ngabe siyalibona noma cha," esho.

Izifundo ezinjalo seziqala ukwembula izimfihlo zephunga. "I-Olfaction iyinsimu esencane kakhulu," kuphawula u-Chen. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokubona nokuzwa, akuqondwa kahle. Ngokuqinisekile, iningi labantu liyizidalwa ezibonakalayo. Yize kunjalo abacwaningi bezinhlaka kubonakala bevuma lokho ikhala likhulu kakhulu kunalokho abantu abaningi abakubonayo.

Futhi kuyithuluzi elihle lokufunda ngobuchopho ngokujwayelekile, kusho uChen, zombili ngenxa yezimpande zawo zasendulo futhi ngenxa yendlela eyingqayizivele lapho imininingwane yephunga isuka ngayo ezingxenyeni eziningi zobuchopho. "I-Olfaction iyithuluzi elihle lokutadisha imisebenzi nezinqubo zokucubungula izinzwa, nokuthi zihlobana kanjani nezinto ezifana nemizwa, ukuqonda nokuziphatha komphakathi," esho.

Ngokusobala, kuningi ongakufunda. Uma kukhulunywa ngokuqaqa imfihlakalo ye-olfaction, sine-whiff eyodwa kuphela.