Imbali yeziqholo zale mihla

1. Izinto zokwenziwa zokwenza izinto :

Ukunyuka kwekhemistri ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX^e Inkulungwane iye yaguqula kakhulu iziqholo kunye neendlela zayo zokuvelisa. I-synthesis iye yabangela ukuba iziqholo zifikelele kwizinto ezininzi ezingekho kwimeko yazo yendalo. Kwaye, ukusukela esiphelweni seXIX^e Inkulungwane, ikhemistri idlala indima ebaluleke ngakumbi kwiziqholo. Ezinye izinto zendalo ezibiza kakhulu okanye ekunzima kakhulu ukuzifumana (kunje umzekelo wezityalo okanye izilwanyana) kufakwe izinto zokwenziwa ezingabizi kakhulu nezingcolisayo.

Olu phuhliso lwenze ukuba iziqholo zingabi yimveliso engafikelelekiyo, ngakumbi ngenxa yokuvela kwezindlu ezintsha (iGuerlain ngo-1828, iPiguet, iCoty) kwangaxeshanye.

Malunga ne-1830, eFrance, amachiza (kwaye hayi iziqholo) avelise ubuchwephesha bokuqala ukuvumela ukuhlanganiswa kwemolekyuli ezinukayo. Kule mihla, ezi iimolekyuli zokwenziwa zimele i-98% yazo zonke izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kwiziqholo.

Le pesenti ichazwa yinto yokuba indibaniselwano ibonisa izibonelelo ezininzi. Okokuqala, amanye amavumba afana nenyibiba yentlambo okanye i-lilac ayengaze ikwazi ukukhutshwa nangona ivumba abalikhuphile lingaphezulu kokuthembisa. Ngoku, enkosi kwinkqubela phambili kwicandelo lezinto eziphilayo, ukudibanisa kwazo kunokwenzeka.

Kwelinye icala, indleko zokuvelisa izityalo, ubuninzi beentyatyambo kunye nokubonelela ngeengxaki ezinxulumene nemozulu okanye imeko yezoqoqosho kukhokelele ekusetyenzisweni ngokugqithileyo kweemolekyuli zokwenziwa.

Iziqholo ezenziwayo ke ngoko zinezibonelelo zoqoqosho (kuba ngaphambi kwee-1900s iziqholo zazifikeleleka kuphela kubantu abakumgangatho ophezulu). Kodwa ukongeza ekukhupheleni ubume beekhemikhali zemolekyuli ezikhoyo kwindalo, ityebisa uluhlu lweziqholo ngevumba elitsha ngokupheleleyo kwaye ihlala ingumthombo wempumelelo kwezorhwebo. Ngapha koko, ngaphambili, abenzi beziqholo babenamavumba ahlukeneyo angama-300 kuphela, ngelixa namhlanje benama-4 abumba iziqholo zabo kwaye eli nani liyanda.

 Ukuhlanganiswa konke, kwelinye icala, kuphinda kubuyiselwe imizimba kwizinto zamathambo ezibangelwe iikhemikhali (utywala, i-benzene, ii-asidi, njl. njl. Ukudityaniswa ngamanye amaxesha kufuna uthotho lokuphendula kwemichiza (iserification, cyclization: making a linear molecule cyclic, hydrogenation, etc.). Amanyathelo akhoyo, kokukhona kuya kubiza kakhulu ukuphela kwemveliso.

2. Izinto zendalo eziluhlaza :

Ukubuya kwezinto zendalo eziluhlaza.

Ukusukela ngeminyaka yee-1970s eYurophu naphambi koko eUnited States, iintshukumo ezahlukeneyo ziqaqambisa iingozi ezivezwe ngu l 'ukwenziwa indawo ekhulayo kunye nesabelo semichiza kunye neemveliso zokwenziwa kwezolimo, ukutya kunye nezithambiso. Emva kwesigaba sokuphuhlisa iimveliso zokwenziwa (ezinye zazo zithathe indawo yezityalo ezinqabileyo okanye izixhobo zezilwanyana), ishishini leziqholo kunye nabathengi babonakala bezihlaziya ngokwabo ekusebenziseni izinto zendalo ezilungiselelwe iziqholo.

Le ntshukumo ihamba kunye neendlela ezingaphezu kwesinye à khangela iimveliso ezinelebhile yemvelaphi yebhayiloji, ngenkxalabo ngokhuseleko lwendalo kunye / okanye uloyiko Iziphumo eziyingozi zeekhemikhali kunye nezinto ezenziwayo (i cancer, inzalo, ukuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine…), Okanye ngokubanzi umnqweno wokunyaniseka. Oku kutyhala izindlu zeziqholo zokwenza iimveliso zazo ngezinto zendalo kunye nezokwenyani zeentyatyambo, izityalo, iinkuni ... yiyo loo nto, usapho olutsha olunomdla luye lwazalwa: iziqholo zendalo kunye nezendalo. 100% yemvelaphi yendalo, namhlanje yintsimi entsha yendalo entsha enamavumba amsulwa natsha. Ikamva leziqholo libonakala liguqukele kwindalo engakumbi.